Medal of Honor
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The Medal of Honor is the highest military decoration awarded by the United States government. It is bestowed on members of the United States armed forces who distinguish themselves "conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States."
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The Original Medal of Honor
The selected Medal of Honor design consisted of an INVERTED, 5-pointed STAR. On each of the five points was a cluster of LAUREL leaves to represent victory, mixed with a cluster of OAK to represent strength. Surrounding the encircled insignia were 34 stars, equal to the number of stars in the U.S. Flag at the time....one star for each state of the Union including the 11 Confederate states.
Inside the circle of 34 stars were engraved two images. To the right is the image of Minerva, the Roman goddess of wisdom and war. On her helmet is perched an owl, representing WISDOM. In keeping with the Roman tradition, her left hand holds a bundle of rods and an ax blade, symbolic of authority. The shield in her right hand is the shield of the Union of our states (similar to the shield on our seal and other important emblems.)
Recoiling from Minerva is a man clutching snakes in his hands. He represented DISCORD and the insignia came to be known as "Minerva Repulsing Discord". Taken in the context of the Civil War soldiers and sailors struggling to overcome the discord of the states and preserve the Union, the design was as fitting as it was symbolic.
Army Medal of Honor
The First Medal of Honor Action
Bernard J.D. Irwin on February 13-14, 1861
Bernard J.D. Irwin wasn't thinking about medals that February morning in 1861...indeed there was no such thing for American soldiers. Instead the Army Surgeon's mind was occupied with concerns for a young Arizona Territory boy and a group of fellow soldiers. Days earlier Cochise and a band of Apache warriors had captured the boy. The 7th Infantry's 2d Lt. George Bascom had immediately pursued with 60 men on a desperate rescue mission. Now word had reached Fort Breckenridge that the greatly superior Apache force had surrounded Bascom and his men and imperiled their own survival.
Accustomed to using his medical skills to save lives, Irwin was determined to now use his military skills to save his comrades. Unfortunately only 14 men could be spared from the garrison, these to be Irwin's rescue party. No horses could be spared for the mission, so Irwin and his 14 soldiers departed Fort Breckinridge on mules. Faced with a trek of 100 miles in the midst of a winter blizzard, the logistics of the mission were as improbable as the possibility of encountering the much larger enemy force, defeating them, and rescuing the captives. None-the-less the Irish-born surgeon was determined to try.
"D-Day" came on February 13, 1861 when Irwin's small rescue party encountered Cochise and his warriors at Apache Pass, Arizona. But it wasn't a battle so much as it was a TACTICAL engagement. With a carefully laid out plan and maximum placement of his 14 men, Irwin succeeded in convincing the Indian warriors that he had arrived with a much larger force, causing them to withdraw. Bascom's 60 men were liberated and joined Irwin and his 14 soldiers. The unified force then pursued Cochise into the mountains where they were able to engage him and rescue the captive boy.
Irwin's heroic rescue occured almost a year before the Medal of Honor was introduced to the US Congress. Indeed, Irwin himself did not receive the Medal of Honor until January 24, 1894.... more than 50 years later. But his actions the cold mornings of February 13-14, 1861 are recorded in history as the FIRST MEDAL OF HONOR ACTION.
Presenting the First Medals of Honor
To Six Members of "Andrews Raiders" on March 25, 1863
"Congress has by recent law ordered medals to be prepared on this model. Your party shall have the first; they will be the first that have been given to private soldiers in this war." - Secretary of War Edwin Stanton
Secretary of War Edwin Stanton looked in amazement at the 6 young soldiers before him. It was March 25, 1863 and the sight of ragged remnants; that had once been brave young commandos moved his heart. They had just been released from a Confederate P.O.W. camp in a prisoner exchange, and their story was incredible.
| Andrews' Raiders | ||
|---|---|---|
| Name | Unit | Date of Presentation |
| Pvt Jacob Parrott | Co K, 33d Ohio Infantry | March 25, 1863 |
| Pvt William Bensinger | Co G, 21st Ohio Infantry | March 25, 1863 |
| Pvt Robert Buffum | Co H, 21st Ohio Infantry | March 25, 1863 |
| Sgt Elihu H. Mason | Co K, 21st Ohio Infantry | March 25, 1863 |
| Sgt William Pittinger (Pittenger) | Co G, 2d Ohio Infantry | March 25, 1863 |
| Cpl William H. Harrison Reddick | Co B, 33d Ohio Infantry | March 25, 1863 |
| Cpl Daniel Allen Dorsey | Co H, 33d Ohio Infantry | September 17, 1863 |
| SgtMaj Marion A. Ross ** | 2d Ohio Infantry | September, 1863 |
| Pvt Mark Wood | Co C, 21st Ohio Infantry | September, 1863 |
| Pvt John Reed Porter | Co G, 21st Ohio Infantry | September, 1863 |
| Pvt Wilson W. Brown | Co F, 21st Ohio Infantry | September, 1863 |
| Pvt William J. Knight | Co E, 21st Ohio Infantry | September, 1863 |
| Pvt John Alfred Wilson | Co C, 21st Ohio Infantry | September, 1863 |
| Pvt Samuel Robertson ** | Co G, 33d Ohio Infantry | September, 1863 |
| Cpl Martin Jones Hawkins | Co A, 33d Ohio Infantry | September, 1863 |
| Pvt James Smith | Co I, 2d Ohio Infantry | July 6, 1864 |
| Pvt John Wollam | Co C, 33d Ohio Infantry | July 20, 1864 |
| Sgt John Morehead Scott ** | Co F, 21st Ohio Infantry | August 4, 1866 |
| Pvt Samuel Slavens ** | Co E, 33d Ohio Infantry | July 28, 1883 |
| ** Indicates Posthumous Award | ||
Undoubtedly the Secretary had some prior knowledge of the ill-fated mission these brave Ohio volunteers had embarked upon just a year earlier, but the details of that mission and the commandos' subsequent imprisonment exceeded his expectations.
The youngest member of the six was Ohio Army private Jacob Parrott, though he was not the youngest of the original group. The whereabouts of 17 year old James (Ovid) Smith was still uncertain. He had been captured near Huntsville, Alabama before the mission had begun, then escaped the previous October. Nineteen year old Samuel Robertson's fate was not so unclear....he had been hanged by the enemy for his role in the daring commando group that became known as 'Andrews Raiders'.
- The original mission had been proposed by 33 year old Virginian and Union spy James J. Andrews, and quickly embraced by Union Generals Buell and Mitchell. In fact Brigadier General Ormsby Mitchell was so enamored with the plan that he personally; joined Andrews when he went to three Ohio regiments on April 7, 1862 to enlist volunteers for the daring foray into enemy territory. In all, 23 young soldiers volunteered their services despite Andrew's very limited briefing. A 24th man joined the group. He was civilian William Campbell who happened to be visiting his friend Private Philip Shadrach at the time. When Shadrach volunteered to join the effort, the 200 pound William Campbell volunteered to join him.
- The brave soldiers were told little more than that they should separate into small groups and travel separately through enemy lines to Marietta, Georgia. Four days later 21 of the volunteers had successfully arrived to meet Andrews in the small city just north of Atlanta, and the plans for their daring raid unfolded. Their mission was to purchase tickets as passengers on a Confederate train, then take control of the train and travel north 100 miles to Chattanooga wreaking havoc and burning bridges along the way to disrupt Confederate troop movements and communications.
- At 5 A.M. the following morning Andrews and 19 of his volunteers boarded the passenger cars behind the steam engine General. (For whatever reason two of the volunteers failed to meet their train.); It was April 12th, one year to the day after the opening shots of the Civil War had been fired at Fort Sumter. A short time after the train left Marietta it pulled into the small stop at Big Shanty where the passengers and crew dismounted for breakfast at the Lacey Hotel. Andrews and his 19 men stayed aboard, prepared to make their move. There was no telegraph office at the stop in Big Shanty to broadcast news of what the raiders were about to do, the very reason Andrews had selected this site to begin his operation.
- When the passengers and crew were out of sight Andrews and his men calmly but quickly separated the General, its coal tender and three box cars from the rest of the train, all without arousing the suspicion of the soldiers at nearby Camp McDonald. It was a simple but audacious act. Their work done, sixteen of the commandos boarded the three box cars. Andrews entered the engine with Privates Wilson Brown and William Knight, both engineers in their own right. The final soldier assumed the role of fireman and the legitimate crew of the General looked up from their breakfast to the startling sight of the General leaving Big Shanty without them.
- The courage of Andrews and his men this day would, however, be challenged by the courage of their enemy as well. The General's engineer Jeff Cain was joined by two of his crew Anthony Murphy and William Fuller in a desperate effort to recover their train. The three ran after the train on foot, pursuing it for two miles to Moon's Station where they found a hand-propelled cart to continue their pursuit.
- Over the first twenty miles of their journey north from Big Shanty, Andrews and his men took time to pull up rail behind them and drop timbers across the tracks to discourage any possible pursuit, as well as cutting telegraph lines that might have sent news of their desperate mission ahead to waiting Confederate troops. As they passed the Etowah River however they made a fatal mistake, ignoring the presence of the old steam engine Yonah as they continued on towards Kingston. Cain and his crew however, didn't overlook the enhanced pursuit vehicle and quickly traded their hand car for the aging mechanical one.
- At Kingston the raiders had faced a frustrating; delay caused by other train traffic. Confident that the cut telegraph lines had prevented news of their raid from reaching Kingston they patiently but nervously paced the siding as the flow of south-bound trains held them in place. They were still not aware that Cain was pursuing them and gaining milage with each minute of delay. Finally, after more than an hour, Andrews and his men continued their journey north, just as Cain was arriving at the rail yard. The two groups were only ten minutes apart.
- At Kingston Cain, Fuller and Murphy traded the aging Yonah for the William R. Smith to continue their pursuit. Four miles north of Kingston however, they had to abandon the William R. Smith when they encountered track that had been taken up by Andrews' Raiders shortly after they had departed the city. Refusing to give up, Murphy and Fuller ran on foot the 3 miles to Adairsville where they encountered a southbound train pulled by The Texas. Releasing the cars, the two continued their pursuit, The Texas running in reverse but gaining on the raiders.
- Two miles north of Calhoon Andrews halted the trek of the General long enough to again attempt to damage the track to foil any possible pursuit. As the dismounted raiders were going about their work they became aware for the first time that the pursuit was real. Quickly the men reboarded and Brown and Knight opened the General's throttle to the maximum. Still running backwards The Texas continued, also running at full steam in what would ever after become known as the GREAT LOCOMOTIVE CHASE.
- Through the towns of Resaca and then Dalton the two engines raced. The raiders dropped timbers behind them but they failed to slow The Texas. In desperation the raiders cut loose two of the three box cars, but even these failed to halt the determined pursuit. Just south of the covered bridge over the Oostanaula River the 21 raiders crowded onto the General and its coal tender and set fire to and released the remaining box car in an attempt to burn the wooden bridge. Still soggy from the rains that had earlier delayed the raiders initial journey into Georgia, the bridge refused to ignite and the chase continued.
- As it became increasingly more obvious that The General would not make Chatanooga the raiders began to jump one by one from the train and race for the shelter of the woods. Then, two miles north of Ringgold and just five miles from Tennessee, The General gasped its last puff of steam and the remaining raiders ran in desperation to avoid capture. The Great Locomotive Chase was over the the flight for life had begun.
- Within a week Andrews and all 21 raiders, including the two who had failed to board the train for its 87 mile race into history, were captured. In Atlanta James Andrews was tried and convicted as a spy. On June 7th he was hanged. Eleven days later on June 18th seven more raiders including the civilian William Campbell and his friend Private Shadrach and two of the three NCOs were also hanged as spies. The remaining 14 young soldiers were placed in prison camps to await what they assumed would be a similar fate. Bold, daring and with nothing to loose they engineered a daring escape four months later with 8 of them reaching safety, the other six being recaptured. It was these six young men, recently released in exchange for Confederate prisoners,; who now stood before the Secretary of War to recount the tale of their ordeal.
The Secretary was moved by the story. Then a thought crossed his mind and he stepped briefly into an adjoining room at the War Department, returning momentarily with something in his hand. "Congress," he told the young men, "has by recent law ordered medals to be prepared on this model. Your party shall have the first; they will be the first that have been given to private soldiers in this war." Then he stepped before the youngest of the group, Private Jacob Parrott and presented the FIRST Medal of Honor ever awarded. When he had followed suit with the remaining five he walked them to the White House to meet the President, setting the stage for a tradition that would dominate similar presentations beginning some half century later.
The following September, 9 more of the raiders were presented Medals of Honor for their participation in the raid. Eventually 19 of the 24 men including four of those hanged as spies were presented Medals of Honor. As civilians neither James J. Andrews or William Campbell were eligible for the award. Below are the names of the 19....Private Philip Schadrach not among them. For Private Schadrach had served, been tried and hanged...under an assumed name.
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